The dragon and the bear: Xi, Putin form power duo at APEC

China's authoritarian President Xi Jinping and Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin share similar views on issues from human rights to Mikhail Gorbachev, in an increasingly close personal relationship that mirrors their countries' converging interests.

Putin arrives in Beijing Sunday for the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit and his 10th meeting with Xi since the Chinese president took office in March last year, according to the Communist mouthpiece People's Daily.

Their growing rapport comes as their nations' trade, investment, and geopolitical interests align.

Moscow faces harsh Western criticism and sanctions over its seizure of Crimea and the conflict in eastern Ukraine, as well as opprobrium for its approach to dissent and homosexuality.

Beijing also has tense relationships over territorial disputes with neighbors such as Japan, Vietnam, and the Philippines, and has recently been the target of criticism over demands for free elections in Hong Kong.

"The situation is pushing the two countries towards closer ties, both are facing very heavy pressures, Russia in Ukraine and China in Hong Kong," said Vladimir Yevseyev, director of the Moscow-based independent Public Political Studies Center.

"Xi comes from a background close to the military-industrial complex, he is a man who is much closer to the structures of power enforcement than his predecessor (Hu Jintao)," Yevseyev said.

"Putin understands him better, their outlooks are identical," he added. "Xi is inclined to confrontation if necessary, which pleases Putin."

Relations between Moscow and Beijing have a chequered history. Territorial disputes between Tsarist Russia and Imperial China gave way to cooperation between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic in the latter's early years.

That, however, subsequently collapsed in a huge split over ideological issues such as how to promote revolution, who should lead the international communist movement, whether to engage with the capitalist world, and China's development of nuclear weapons.

Eventually a tectonic shift in global geopolitics resulted when Beijing and Washington ended their mutual hostility and President Richard Nixon visited China.

The USSR broke up 23 years ago and Russia and China have since been brought together by mutual concerns, notably wariness of Washington.

The two countries often vote as a pair on the UN Security Council, where both hold a veto, sometimes in opposition to Western powers on issues such as Syria.

They have carried out joint military exercises on land and sea and are members of the BRICS emerging nations group, which also includes Brazil, India, and South Africa.

Their economic links are burgeoning, with resource-rich Russia a natural supplier to China's growing economy. After a decade of negotiations, the countries signed a huge 30-year gas deal said to be worth $400 billion during a visit to China by Putin in May.

"As Europe is going to cut its consumption of Russian gas, China offers an alternative market," said Yevseyev.

APEC, which began with ministerial meetings on Friday before the main summit on Monday and Tuesday, accounts for more than 50 percent of global gross domestic product, 44 percent of world trade and 40 percent of the Earth's population.

Russia, with its vast territory stretching from the Baltic to the Pacific, is the organization's only European member.

Kelly OLSEN Agence France Presse