The morality of right and wrong

Four portals that shape our moral universe

Like many people, I spent my teenage years wrestling with questions about right and wrong. Unlike like most, I never stopped. As I have been specializing in ethics, I’ve discovered that these questions aren’t just academic puzzles — they’re at the heart of our daily decisions, from workplace dilemmas to family disputes.

Recently, while mediating an argument between friends about a controversial social media post, I realized how often we confuse different types of moral judgment. This inspired me to create a simple map of the four distinct “rooms” we enter when making moral decisions. Let me show you around. Imagine entering a room with four doors. Each door bears one of these words: Ethics, Morality, Law, Religion.

Many people open these doors randomly or confuse them with each other. Yet, each leads to its own clearly defined world — even though these worlds may overlap.

Let’s open these doors together and explore what lies behind them:

The first door: Ethics — contemplating the good life

Ethics is, in a sense, the science of right action. It is the systematic attempt not only to answer moral questions but also to justify them. While in everyday life we often make spontaneous judgments about what is “good” or “bad,” ethics takes a step back and asks: Why do we consider something good? By what criteria do we judge? Are these criteria convincing?

I believe, an ethicist is like an architect of moral thinking. Ethics doesn’t just ask, “What should we do?” but primarily, “How do we justify what we should do?”

The second door:

Morality — the lived compass of values

Behind this door, we find what people consider right and wrong. Morality is, so to speak, the operating system of our coexistence — a system of values, norms, and beliefs that guides our actions. Unlike ethics, morality is not theoretical but highly practical. It manifests in daily life our feelings of guilt or pride, our spontaneous judgments about others’ behavior, and our habits and traditions.

Morality evolves with society, with new insights and experiences. It is the product of our shared history and simultaneously the foundation of our future.

The third door: Law — the binding rules of the game

Law is, in a way, the “hardened” form of morality. It translates moral convictions into binding, enforceable rules. While morality tells us “You shouldn’t do this,” law says, “You must not do this — and if you do, these consequences will follow.” Law creates reliability and security in social coexistence.

Law is more precise than morality. It defines exactly what is permitted and what is not. It knows no shades of gray, only black and white — even though jurisprudence does allow for discretionary powers. Law is the minimum that a society must agree upon to function. In other words: the law must function for rich and poor!!!!

The fourth door: Religion — the transcendent dimension

Religion adds another dimension to the previous ones: the connection to something supernatural, divine. It offers not only rules for coexistence but embeds these in a larger, meaning-giving context. Religion answers questions that go beyond this world and often gives moral concepts an absolute, God-given authority.

However, in modern societies, religion is only one of several possible sources of moral orientation. Ethical reflection, societal discourse, and legal regulations can function without religious foundation.

The interplay of the four areas

These four areas are like different instruments in an orchestra. Each has its own voice, but together they create the full melody of human coexistence:

* Ethics provides the theoretical foundation and justifications

* Morality offers practical guidelines for everyday life

* Law sets necessary boundaries and creates binding rules

* Religion can provide additional meaning and orientation

Understanding these differences allows us to think and speak more clearly about what is right and wrong. We recognize that behavior can be legal without being moral — or moral without being religiously justified. This differentiation makes us more mature citizens of a complex society.

The journey through these four doors shows us: There are no simple answers to life’s big questions. But there are tools that help us better understand and discuss these questions. The distinction between ethics, morality, law, and religion is one of these tools.

A practical tip for everyday life

Imagine finding a wallet on the street. This simple situation activates all four areas:

* Law tells you it’s illegal to keep it — you must attempt to return it

* Morality reminds you how you would feel if you lost your wallet

* Ethics examines why returning it is right (respecting property, building trust in society)

* Religion might add that being honest pleases God or builds good karma.

Try this yourself: Next time you face a decision, ask which “door” you’re looking through. Are you following the law, your moral compass, ethical principles, or religious guidance? Often, they align — but sometimes they don’t, and that’s when conscious reflection becomes especially valuable. I would love to get your feedback regarding the “door” you may not want to open (and why); contact me at [email protected]