Study reveals potentials of spiked pepper tree

MANILA, Philippines -  The spiked pepper tree (Piper aduncum), considered an invasive tree species that dominates some forests, rocky terrain, and former cogon and hagonoy areas in Mindanao, may prove to be economically beneficial if managed effectively. 

This was revealed by Dr. Thomas L. Cardente II, Forester I at the Department of Environment and Natural Resource (DENR)-Region 12, at a recent seminar organized by the Los Baños-based Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) headed by director Gil C. Saguiguit Jr.

 His seminar is based on the results of his PhD dissertation research entitled ‘A Management System for Watersheds Dominated by Spiked Pepper (Piper aduncum) in Southern Mindanao, Philippines’ that was funded by SEARCA through its PhD research scholarship. 

Locally known as boyo-boyo, spiked pepper tree is a native tropical American species that was introduced in the southern part of the country through bird migration.

 Despite its now ubiquitous presence in Mindanao, very little information is available on spiked pepper tree. This prompted Cardente to study the species, particularly its potential in reforestation and watershed management.

Cardente noted that as boyo-boyo can overrun vast swaths of cogon and other fire-prone and less-useful grasses and weeds, it could improve the micro-climate in such areas and thus help mitigate climate change. 

He suggested that instead of removing the invasive spiked pepper tree, it could be used as a strong tool in protecting reforestation areas and hilly lands, particularly from massive erosion during rainy season and threat of wildfires during prolonged droughts.

 Aside from its ecological value, the various uses of spiked pepper tree may provide sustainable livelihood opportunities for Mindanao’s upland dwellers.

The mature spiked pepper is best used for fuelwood and charcoal production, making it a sustainable alternative to the more valuable indigenous forest species. It can also serve as material for fences and house rafters, posts, and roofs. 

Dr. Cardente points at a spiked pepper tree and (at right) inspects its leaves.

According to Cardente, upland dwellers in Mindanao do not considered boyo-boyo a nuisance in farmed areas as it could also be used as organic fertilizer and herbicide, poles in tomato and asparagus plantations, and shade for livestock. 

In spite of the many benefits that may be derived from spiked pepper tree, Cardente said it would be best to manage the species in areas where it is already abundant. He said the introduction of the species in other areas as a reforestation strategy has to be studied further. 

Cardente is one of the 393 Filipino alumni of SEARCA’s graduate scholarship program who are working in government, the academe, and other research institutions and development organizations involved in agricultural and rural development.