MANILA, Philippines - As Asia grows and develops, many governments are grappling with the environmental impact. Earth Day, which takes place this month, provides an opportunity to propose several ideas for addressing the region’s environmental challenges.
Asia needs cleaner air as the foundation for a livable society. This means having not only less carbon dioxide in the air but also less emissions of mercury, sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxide and particulates. I believe the region can do two things now to achieve cleaner air: plan smarter cities and use cleaner energy, such as natural gas.
Asia has experienced a historic transformation as countries have moved from rural to urban societies. Southeast Asia’s urban population has almost doubled in the past two decades: some 44 percent of the population now lives in urban areas and this proportion will rise to two-thirds by 2050. As populations congregate in cities, governments must provide the right infrastructure to encourage more efficient use of energy. This is where smarter city planning comes in.
The shift to urban living provides opportunities to improve energy and resource use. This is partly a question of scale: energy, water, and other services are increasingly managed at a city — rather than a national — level.
Cities with higher population density — such as Singapore —are more energy efficient.
By contrast, sprawling cities in the United States have much higher levels of energy consumption. In many, per capita energy consumption for personal travel is five to 10 times higher than in some developed Asian cities.
Cities with higher population density encourage people to use public transport and make for shorter car rides — if smart infrastructure already exists. By some estimates, this could lead to the equivalent of a 15 percent reduction in the average distance traveled by car passengers each year. That’s around 2,000 kms per person.
Urban mass transit is one way to allow less use of personal vehicles on the road. Bus rapid transit corridors are a cost-effective option that can handle up to 50,000 passengers an hour — nearly as many as subways. Jakarta is the first Southeast Asian city to introduce such a system. The results are striking: in 2009, the Trans-Jakarta Busway was used by some 250,000 people a day, an 11 percent increase over the previous year. That resulted in estimated fuel savings equivalent to some US$100 million.
Asian cities can go even further, by providing an infrastructure for vehicles powered by cleaner fuels like natural gas, electricity and, in the longer term, hydrogen. Such smarter city planning could transform our global transport system over the next 50 years — and Asia could lead the way. But for these changes to happen, we will need far-sighted government policies and increased collaboration between governments and businesses.
Growing cities will have a voracious appetite for electricity, more so when more of the emerging middle classes buy refrigerators, air conditioners, television sets and washing machines. Governments need to address the environmental impact of the increased energy demand that ensues.
As Asian cities contend on a daily basis with emissions of sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxide, mercury and particulates, emissions that cause well-documented health burdens, they also have to manage carbon dioxide emissions from coal-burning to produce power.
Gas is uniquely positioned to address these energy challenges — it is abundant, acceptable and affordable. Natural gas is abundantly available — the International Energy Agency suggests more than 250 years at current consumption rates. Its relatively low carbon dioxide and other emissions make it environmentally acceptable. And it is affordable as it is value for money in the long run. Gas can be the responsible and affordable backbone of an energy system that addresses Asia’s unique challenges.
Shell is convinced that gas is the fuel of the future and that Asia will continue to be the world’s growth engine. This is why we decided to locate the headquarters of our Integrated Gas business in Asia and why I now live in Singapore. My job is to ensure Shell’s Integrated Gas business responds to Asia’s increasing demand.
The Philippines is already taking some actions to optimize smarter urban planning and gas consumption. The Department of Energy has commissioned a Gas Master Plan which will better define the role of gas in the energy mix and support the government’s thrust for a low carbon future. The Philippines is also trying to develop a national gas quality standard that will enable the country to secure gas from multiple sources to meet rising energy needs.
More can be done — in, for example, the removal of subsidies in some countries that skew the energy field and distort the true cost of energy consumption, hence delaying the possibility of having a cleaner environment while wasting substantial government funds. I am confident governments will intervene in due course. But why postpone action? Cleaner air is within Asia’s reach.